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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">beyond feeling 读书笔记</h1>
        

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        <blockquote>
<p>我们的很多思考与想法都源于自己大脑底层的思想来源，对于我们社会人受到家庭，学校，大众媒体各种各样的影响，对一个事物的认识早已经不是我们自己思考的结果，可能早已经被“操纵”了。如果成长为一个独立的个体，超越情感，保持个性。就这这本出提供给我们的一些方法论。</p>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>
<h1 id="你是谁"><a href="#你是谁" class="headerlink" title="你是谁"></a>你是谁</h1><h2 id="时间和地点的影响"><a href="#时间和地点的影响" class="headerlink" title="时间和地点的影响"></a>时间和地点的影响</h2><h2 id="大众文化的影响"><a href="#大众文化的影响" class="headerlink" title="大众文化的影响"></a>大众文化的影响</h2><h2 id="操纵的学问"><a href="#操纵的学问" class="headerlink" title="操纵的学问"></a>操纵的学问</h2><p>美国心理学家约翰沃森（John Watson）行为主义之父的称号，发现对消费者吸引不在思维<code>而在情感。</code>这种行为操纵被用于广告商、甚至是政界。<br>我们已有的观念逻辑，也就早已经被植入到自己的“磁带中”，当我们听到这个观点时候就自动“回放”，我们早没有独立思考的能力，已经被植入很多概念。我们视为最珍贵的、并以最大热情捍卫的许多信仰，也许就是这种方式根植于我们的大脑中了。</p>
<h2 id="心理学的影响"><a href="#心理学的影响" class="headerlink" title="心理学的影响"></a>心理学的影响</h2><h2 id="成为个体"><a href="#成为个体" class="headerlink" title="成为个体"></a>成为个体</h2><p>我们如何看待个性？后天获得的。我们不可能逃脱他人和环境的影响。个性的的本质就是警惕。下面的指导原则将帮助你达到这一点：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong> 把你对任何人、议题、或情势的第一反应看作是尝试性的。</strong> 无论他多么吸引人，在你未考察它之前，都不要接受他。</li>
<li><strong> 判断你为什么有这种反应。</strong> 考虑你是不是借鉴其他人－－朋友、父母或者名人、电视中虚构的角色。如果可能，确定是什么特定的经验让你做出这样的选择。</li>
<li><strong> 考虑你有可能对这个人、议题或情势做出其他反应的可能。 </strong></li>
<li><strong> 询问你自己是否还有其他比你的第一反应更恰当的反应 </strong> 你在回答时，排除你的制约条件的影响。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="应用练习"><a href="#应用练习" class="headerlink" title="应用练习"></a>应用练习</h2><p>用笔记住你的观察、思考和想法。在反思你记录的想法，考虑所观察到的东西的意义和应用，回答所提出的问题，仔细阐述这些想法，记录你的洞见。</p>
<h1 id="什么是批判性思考？"><a href="#什么是批判性思考？" class="headerlink" title="什么是批判性思考？"></a>什么是批判性思考？</h1><p>我感觉，和我认为是两种不同的概念。 感觉是包括情感、情绪和欲望的主观反应。思考是用用来解决问题，做出决定取得理解而进行的有意识的精神过程。思考有两大类一种是创造性的，一种是批判性的。批判的本质就是评价。批判性思考界定为用以检验各种主张和论据，并判定那些具有有点那些就有缺点的过程。其实就是一种<code>寻找答案的过程，是一种探究。</code></p>
<h2 id="直觉的作用"><a href="#直觉的作用" class="headerlink" title="直觉的作用"></a>直觉的作用</h2><p>直觉往往是<code>不运用理性推理</code>,而对某事的感觉或者理解。</p>
<h2 id="批判性思考的基本活动"><a href="#批判性思考的基本活动" class="headerlink" title="批判性思考的基本活动"></a>批判性思考的基本活动</h2><blockquote>
<ol>
<li>调查。发现证据－－回答有关该议题的关键问题的材料。要求证据必须是相关和充分的。</li>
<li>解释。 判定证据的意思是什么。要求这种解释必须比其他竞争的解释更合理。</li>
<li>判断。 就此议题得出结论。   要求这个结论必须通过逻辑检验。</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>从调查、解释、判断是这个过来的，而不负责任的思考者则是完全相反，先认定自己的结论，然后找出证据来证明他们选择的正确性。关键在于不是让预感和假设操纵我们的思考，并预先规定了我们的结论。</p>
<h2 id="批判性的思考与写作"><a href="#批判性的思考与写作" class="headerlink" title="批判性的思考与写作"></a>批判性的思考与写作</h2><p>写作的广泛目标是发现思想或者交流思想。当写作开发思想的时候，集中与你正在考察的问题并记录下你所有的想法、疑问和断言。直接面对你的心智劳动，但对意识边缘的想法保持敏感。</p>
<h2 id="批判性的思考与讨论"><a href="#批判性的思考与讨论" class="headerlink" title="批判性的思考与讨论"></a>批判性的思考与讨论</h2><p>讨论是加深并促进问题的解决和决策。花一定的时候去找一个你已经了解的知识，然后去扩展你自己的知识。从网上找到所有的观点信息，在表达中有可能表达的不同观点，并考虑每一个观点的相对优点。这时让要对你的结论保持相当的试探性，以便其他人将提出的事实和解释保持开放的心态。</p>
<ol>
<li>设置合理的预期</li>
<li>抛弃自我中心和个人议程</li>
<li>起作用但是不主导一切</li>
<li>避免分散注意力的讲话习惯</li>
<li>积极的倾听</li>
<li>负责人的批判</li>
<li>抵制喊叫或打断的冲动</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="避免抄袭"><a href="#避免抄袭" class="headerlink" title="避免抄袭"></a>避免抄袭</h2><p>记录出处，作者版号等。或者用自己的话语复述作者的观点。</p>
<h1 id="真理是什么？"><a href="#真理是什么？" class="headerlink" title="真理是什么？"></a>真理是什么？</h1><p>​:happy:​🐴</p>
<blockquote>
<p>未完待续－－－</p>
</blockquote>

      
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